2025 Tax Rates & Key Provisions
Tax Rates (Taxable Income)
Unmarried (Single)
10%
0 to $ 11,925
12%
$11,925 to $48,475
22%
$48,475 to $103,350
24%
$103,350 to $197,300
32%
$197,300 to $250,525
37%
Over $626,350
Married, Filing Joint Return (and Surviving Spouse)
10%
0 to $23,850
12%
$23,850 to $96,950
22%
$96,950 to $206,700
24%
$206,700 to $394,600
32%
$394,600 to $501,050
35%
$501,050 to $751,600
37%
Over $751,600
Head of Household
10%
0 to $17,000
12%
$17,000 to $64,850
22%
$64,850 to $103,350
24%
$103,350 to $197,300
32%
$197,300 to $250,500
35%
$250,500 to $626,350
37%
Over $626,350
Married, Filing Separate Return
10%
0 to $11,925
12%
$11,925 to $48,475
22%
$48,475 to $103,350
24%
$103,350 to $197,300
32%
$197,300 to $250,525
35%
$250,525 to $375,800
37%
Over $375,800
Itemized Deductions
No overall limit (Pease) through 2025: Overall itemized deduction limit ('Pease') remains suspended; recent law replaces it with a 35% cap on the tax benefit for the top bracket.
Medical deductions (AGI threshold): Deductible to the extent unreimbursed medical & dental expenses exceed 7.5% of AGI.
Nonbusiness casualty losses: Deductible only if from a federally declared disaster; generally subject to $100-per-event reduction and 10% of AGI floor (special rules may apply for qualified disasters).
Miscellaneous itemized deductions: Suspended through 2025 (the former 2% of AGI category, e.g., unreimbursed employee expenses).
Exemptions
$0 Personal & Dependent Exemptions (suspended through 2025)
Education Provisions
$2,500 American Opportunity Tax Credit (maximum)
$2,000 Lifetime Learning Credit (maximum)
$2,000 Coverdell ESA contribution limit
$2,500 Student Loan Interest Deduction (maximum)
Phaseout of U.S. Savings Bond Interest Exclusion (MAGI thresholds):
$99,500 Unmarried / HOH / QSS (phaseout starts)
$149,250 Married, Filing Joint (phaseout starts)
$114,500 Unmarried / HOH / QSS (fully phased out at or above)
$179,250 Married, Filing Joint (fully phased out at or above)
Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) — 2025
28% rate switch: AMTI above $239,100 (all but MFS); $119,550 for MFS.
Net Investment Income Tax (NIIT) — 2025
Rate: 3.8% of the lesser of (a) net investment income, or (b) MAGI above the threshold.
What counts as Net Investment Income?
- Interest
- Dividends
- Capital gains
- Rental and royalty income
- Non‑qualified annuities
- Income from trading financial instruments or commodities
- Income from passive activities (e.g., passive partnership/S‑corp interests)
28% rate switch: AMTI above $239,100 (all but MFS); $119,550 for MFS.